Unit 1 · 1.1 — Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding [cite: 9]

Everything to learn here

• Concept: Water's polarity is a result of polar covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen, creating an unequal sharing of electrons [cite: 11, 12].
• Concept: Hydrogen bonding between adjacent water molecules creates emergent properties essential for biological systems [cite: 12, 13].
• Equation: Equation/Process: pH Calculation: $pH = -\log[H^+]$ [cite: 14].
• Vocabulary: Cohesion — the attraction between molecules of the same substance, causing water molecules to bind together [cite: 13, 14].
• Vocabulary: Adhesion — the attraction between molecules of different substances, allowing water to cling to biological surfaces like xylem [cite: 13, 14].
• Vocabulary: Surface Tension — a measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid, driven by strong cohesive forces [cite: 14, 15].
• Vocabulary: Specific Heat Capacity — the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of water, buffering organisms from temperature fluctuations [cite: 12, 13].
• Vocabulary: Capillary Action — the upward movement of water in narrow biological tubes against gravity, requiring both cohesion and adhesion [cite: 13, 14].
• Skill: FRQ Task Verb "Explain" — Explain how the disruption of hydrogen bonding would alter water's capacity to sustain a specific biological process [cite: 12, 16, 17].
• Concept: Hydrogen bonding between polar water molecules generates essential properties including cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.

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