Unit 5 · 5.3 — Mendelian Genetics [cite: 9, 10, 28]

Everything to learn here

• Concept: Gregor Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment strictly govern the mathematical inheritance of discrete, single-gene traits [cite: 13, 14].
• Equation: Equation/Process: Multiplication Rule — the probability of two independent genetic events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities: $P(A \text{ and } B) = P(A) \times P(B)$ [cite: 14, 31].
• Equation: Equation/Process: Addition Rule — the probability of either of two mutually exclusive genetic events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities: $P(A \text{ or } B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A \text{ and } B)$ [cite: 14, 31].
• Vocabulary: Allele — alternate sequence versions of a specific gene [cite: 13, 14].
• Vocabulary: Genotype — the specific genetic makeup or exact set of alleles possessed by an organism [cite: 14].
• Vocabulary: Phenotype — the observable, physical, or physiological traits of an organism determined by its underlying genotype [cite: 14].
• Skill: FRQ Task Verb "Determine" — Interpret a monohybrid or dihybrid Punnett square to determine exact phenotypic and genotypic probability ratios in F1 and F2 generations [cite: 13, 14, 19].
• Concept: Mendel’s laws describe the fundamental principles of how traits are transmitted from parents to offspring through discrete units.
• Concept: Probability rules and Punnett squares help predict how alleles for single or multiple genes are inherited by offspring.

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