Unit 7 · 7.5 — Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium [cite: 28, 44]

Everything to learn here

• Concept: The mathematical Hardy-Weinberg principle serves as an essential null hypothesis representing a perfectly non-evolving population; any deviations logically indicate evolutionary forces are currently active [cite: 13, 45, 48].
• Concept: The five strict conditions for maintaining equilibrium are: absolutely no mutations, completely random mating, no natural selection, extremely large population size, and no gene flow whatsoever [cite: 13, 48].
• Equation: Equation/Process: Hardy-Weinberg Allele Frequency Equation: $p + q = 1$ [cite: 14, 31, 48].
• Equation: Equation/Process: Hardy-Weinberg Genotype Frequency Equation: $p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$ [cite: 14, 31, 48].
• Lab: Lab Skill: AP Biology Required Investigation — Mathematical Modeling (Hardy-Weinberg): Calculate $p$, $q$, $p^2$, $2pq$, and $q^2$ given a population's raw phenotypic counts, carefully beginning all calculations using the homozygous recessive frequency ($q^2$) [cite: 35, 47, 48].

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